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With SAX, memory consumption does not increase with the size of the file. If you must process large documents, SAX is the better alternative, particularly if you do not need to change the contents of the document.

Because SAX allows you to abort processing at any time, you can use it to create applications that fetch particular data. For example, you can create an application that searches for a part in inventory. When the application finds the part, it returns the part number and availability, and then stops processing. For many XML-based solutions, it is not necessary to read the entire document to achieve the desired results.

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ContentHandler implementations also need to know when a specific namespace prefix is considered in-scope. This is not only recommended by the Infoset, but it's required to expand namespace prefixes that aren't automatically handled by the XMLReader.

There are many situations, such as XML schemas, in which namespace prefixes are used in element and attribute content. In order to properly process the xsi:type attribute, the ContentHandler implementation needs to know the namespace URI that is associated with the geo prefix. StartPrefixMapping is called just before startElement for the element on which the namespace mapping should begin.

EndPrefixMapping is called just after the endElement call that closes the corresponding startElement call. The following consumer code illustrates when they should be called for the foo document fragment cited previously:. The last parameter to startElement is a reference to an Attributes interface, which models the element's collection of attributes.

This interface makes it possible to access attribute information by index or name. When accessing information by name, either the QName or the namespace name namespace URI plus local name may be used for retrieval.

The accessible attribute information includes the attribute's namespace URI, local name, QName, type, and value. Consumers of ContentHandler are responsible for supplying an object that implements Attributes as the last argument to startElement. Implementations of ContentHandler will then consume the supplied attributes through the Attributes interface.

Since all ContentHandler consumers need an Attributes implementation, and it's mostly boilerplate code, the standard Java-language package includes a helper class called AttributesImpl that's been designed for this purpose. The current release of MSXML doesn't provide the equivalent of AttributesImpl it's scheduled for October, after this issue went to press , but it's trivial to implement.

I've provided a sample implementation in Visual Basic that is equivalent to the standard Java-language implementation. The following consumer code illustrates the building of an attribute list before calling startElement:. The ContentHandler interface uses the characters method to model a sequence of character information items that occurs within element content.

The identical ignorableWhitespace method models any ignorable whitespace that occurs within element content. Whitespace that occurs within element-only content is considered ignorable because it's only present for readability.

The only way a processor can determine that a content model is element-only is by looking at the associated DTD or Schema. If no DTD or Schema is present, whitespace is always considered significant. The current MSXML SAX processor is nonvalidating, so all whitespace characters are always considered significant and are therefore passed through as characters instead of ignorableWhitespace. The MSXML definitions of characters and ignorableWhitespace are slightly different that the original Java-language definition, which took three arguments: a character buffer, a start position, and a length.

In Visual Basic, for example, it makes sense for these methods to take just a single String argument. Consumers of ContentHandler are free to pass the characters within a given element through a single characters method call or through multiple method calls in smaller chunks.

The following code adds some text to element content:. The last couple of ContentHandler content-related methods are meant for modeling processing instructions and skipped entities. The data portion of a processing instruction is everything that comes after the whitespace that separates the target. The skippedEntity method signals that the caller skipped a specific entity identified by name.

The following code illustrates these methods:. The document that this code represents might look something like this, assuming that the ouch entity is skipped by the caller:. The last member of ContentHandler is used for passing a Locator interface reference to the ContentHandler implementation.

This information comes in handy, especially when the caller is an XML parser. The standard Java-language package also provides a default Locator implementation called LocatorImpl.

Consumers of ContentHandler can access this class directly to provide Locator functionality. Implementations of ContentHandler may also find it useful to use this class to make static snapshots or copies of a Locator object.

The code illustrates how a typical ContentHandler consumer would use a Locator object. Now that I've looked at ContentHandler fundamentals and various ContentHandler consumer examples, let's look at some sample ContentHandler implementations.

The canonical example of a ContentHandler implementation simply serializes the received method calls back out as an XML 1. The code for such an implementation needs to follow the syntactical productions defined by XML 1. I've provided a fairly generic implementation of this in a Visual Basic class named CSerializer. The partial code for CSerializer is shown in Figure 5. Most of the ContentHandler method implementations are straightforward, but startElement and startPrefixMapping require special attention.

Serializing the start tag of an element requires three components: the element's QName, the element's list of attributes, and any namespace declarations.